<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8059236512935346810</id><updated>2012-02-16T00:12:06.555-08:00</updated><category term='Integers'/><category term='expressions'/><category term='Collection of Objects'/><category term='courses'/><category term='contents'/><category term='real-number line'/><category term='real numbers'/><category term='rationalizing'/><category term='quadratic equations'/><category term='denominator'/><category term='fraction'/><category term='operations'/><category term='Algebra'/><category term='sets'/><category term='factoring'/><category term='linier equations'/><category term='Matrix'/><title type='text'>Business Mathematics Blog</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://businessmathematics.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8059236512935346810/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://businessmathematics.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Aurino Djamaris</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07970548737481048100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>5</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8059236512935346810.post-3227174192804156564</id><published>2008-09-16T18:39:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2008-09-16T18:39:53.325-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Fungsi-Fungsi Matematik dlm Excel</title><content type='html'>&lt;span xmlns=''&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:24pt'&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span style='text-decoration:underline'&gt;Math Formulas&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;					&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;a name='ROUND'/&gt;Fungsi Round &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;Setahu saya,  &lt;strong&gt;fungsi Round&lt;/strong&gt; dalam Excel adalah fungsi yang paling banyak dipakai oleh pengguna software &lt;em&gt;office automation. &lt;/em&gt;Sintaks formula ini adalah =ROUND(&lt;em&gt;number,number of digits&lt;/em&gt;),  &lt;em&gt;number&lt;/em&gt; berarti bilangan/angka (yang bisa merupakan angka atau formula/rumus) dan  "number of digits" adalah angka dibelakang decimal yang dikehendaki. Sebagai contoh, =ROUND(1/8,2) akan menghasilkan 0.13. Rumus ini banyak berguna dalam bidang keuangan terutama nilai transaksi. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div style='text-align: center; margin-left: 4pt'&gt;&lt;table border='0' style='border-collapse:collapse'&gt;&lt;colgroup&gt;&lt;col style='width:128px'/&gt;&lt;col style='width:18px'/&gt;&lt;col style='width:66px'/&gt;&lt;/colgroup&gt;&lt;tbody valign='top'&gt;&lt;tr style='height: 20px'&gt;&lt;td style='padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 1.0pt; border-left:  solid 1.0pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt' vAlign='bottom'&gt;&lt;p style='text-align: center'&gt;&lt;span style='color:black'&gt;Rumus&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style='padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  solid 1.0pt; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid black 0.5pt; border-right:  solid black 1.0pt' vAlign='bottom' colspan='2'&gt;&lt;p style='text-align: center'&gt;&lt;span style='color:black'&gt;Hasil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style='height: 20px'&gt;&lt;td style='padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 1.0pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt' vAlign='bottom'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style='color:black'&gt;=ROUND(234/8,2)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style='padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  none' vAlign='bottom'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style='color:black'&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style='padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 1.0pt'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style='color:black'&gt;29.25&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style='height: 20px'&gt;&lt;td style='padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 1.0pt; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt' vAlign='bottom'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style='color:black'&gt;=ROUND(234/8,0)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style='padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  none' vAlign='bottom'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style='color:black'&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style='padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 0.5pt; border-right:  solid 1.0pt' vAlign='bottom'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style='color:black'&gt;29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr style='height: 21px'&gt;&lt;td style='padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  solid 1.0pt; border-bottom:  solid 1.0pt; border-right:  solid 0.5pt' vAlign='bottom'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style='color:black'&gt;=ROUND(234/8,-1)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style='padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 1.0pt; border-right:  none' vAlign='bottom'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style='color:black'&gt; &lt;/span&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style='padding-left: 7px; padding-right: 7px; border-top:  none; border-left:  none; border-bottom:  solid 1.0pt; border-right:  solid 1.0pt' vAlign='bottom'&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style='color:black'&gt;30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style='margin-left: 36pt'&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;Catatan, jika ingin membulatkan ke puluhan, ratusan atau ribuan dan seterusnya mana, parameter ke dua dalam fungsi round adalah "angka negative". Sebagai contoh -2 dalam contoh pembulatan 1000 dibagi 3  yaitu &lt;strong&gt;=ROUND(1000/3,-2)&lt;/strong&gt;, hasilnya adalah nilai 300.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p style='margin-left: 36pt'&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fungsi RoundUp dan RoundDown&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;Jika anda ingin membulatkan ke atas sebuah angka/ atau hasil perhitungan rumus (kecuali 0 tentunya). Maka anda perlu menggunakan Fungsi Roundup Function. Perintahnay adalah =ROUNDUP(number,number of digits). Dengan perintah yang mirip dengan fungsi Round, maka hasil dari =ROUNDUP(1/3,0) adalah 1. Sedangkan fungsi =ROUND(1/3,0) akan menghasilkan 0. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;Jika anda menginginkan pembulatan angka/ hasil perhitungan ke bawah, maka gunakan fungsi Rounddown Function. Perintahnya adalah &lt;strong&gt;=ROUNDDOWN&lt;/strong&gt;(&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;number,number of digits&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;). Sama dengan fungsi Round maupun RoundUp maka parameter "number of digits" dapat merupakan angka negative. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;Kemampuan Excel untuk membulatkan ke atas ( atau ke bawah) ini sangatlah berguna, namun bagaicaranya jika anda ingin membulatkan ke sen atau rupiah terdekat?. Excel memiliki kemampuan ini yaitu Fungsi Ceiling dan Floor. Perintahnya adalah =CEILING(number,multiple) and =FLOOR(number,multiple). "number" adalah angka atau hasil perhitungan yang akan dibulatkan dan  "multiple" adalah sen atau rupiah yang terdekat. =CEILING(10/3,0.05) hasilnya 3.35; dan  =CEILING(10/3,0.5) hasilnya 3.5&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;Sedangkan  =FLOOR(10/3,0.05) akan menghasilkan 3.30.; dan . =FlOOR(10/3,0.5) akan menghasilkan 3.0 &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;Catatan: Parameter "multiple" tanda harus sama dengan parameter "number", Anda tidak dapat menggunakan =CEILING(-2,0.10).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;Jika anda ingin membulatkan sebuat angka ke angka genap atau ganjil terdekat makan Excel memiliki fungsi Even and Odd. Perintahnya adalah =EVEN(number)  dan =ODD(number), dimana "number" adalah angka atau hasil perhitungan yang akan anda bulatkan.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;Fungsi &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a name='#INT'/&gt;Int &lt;/strong&gt;dapat dipergunakan untuk  membulatkan angka/hasil perhitungan ke bawah ke angka integer terdekat. Perintahnya =INT(number),  parameter "number" adalah angka (atau sel) yang akan dibulatkan ke bawah ke sebuah angka integer. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;Fungsi &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a name='#ABS'/&gt;Absolut &lt;/strong&gt;akan menghasilkan nilai absolute dari sebuah angka (atau rumus). Perintahnya =ABS(number).  Contoh  =ABS(-2) dan =ABS(2) keduanya akan menghasilkan nilai 2.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;Fungsi &lt;strong&gt;&lt;a name='#COUNTIF'/&gt;Countif &lt;/strong&gt;dapat digunakan untuk menghitung jumlah sel dalam sebuah range yang memenuhi criteria yang anda tetapkan. Perintahnya adalah =COUNTIF(range,criteria), dimana "range"  adalah area sel yang akan anda hitung dan "criteria" adalah syarat yang anda tetapkan sebagai dasar bahwa sel itu termasuk dihitung atau tidak. "criteria" dapat berupa angka, pernyataan, atau teks.  Pernyataan atau teks harus diberi tanda petik ("…"). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;Untuk membangkitkan angka acak (random), Excel memiliki dua function yaitu  Fungsi &lt;strong&gt;Rand&lt;/strong&gt; dan Fungsi &lt;strong&gt;Randbetween&lt;/strong&gt;. Fungsi &lt;strong&gt;Rand &lt;/strong&gt;akan membangkitkan angka acak (random) antara 0 sampai dengan 1. Rumusnya adalah&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; =RAND().&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;						&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;Sedangkan fungsi &lt;strong&gt;Randbetween  &lt;/strong&gt;dapat dipergunakan untuk membangkitkan angka acak dengan batas atas dan batas bawah yang dapat anda tentukan sendiri. Rumusnya adalah &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;=RANDBETWEEN(bottom,top).&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; Parameter pertama adalah  "bottom" yaitu batas angka terendah  dan  parameter ke dua  "top" adalah batas angka tertinggi.  Fungsi ini akan tersedia jika anda telah mengaktifka &lt;strong&gt;Analysis Toolpak&lt;/strong&gt; Add Ins.  Fungsi ini hanya menghasikan angka integer, jadi kalau ingin angka random yang tidak integer maka kita dapat menggunakan  Fungsi &lt;strong&gt;Rand dan mengalikannya dengan Fungsi RandBetween &lt;/strong&gt;sehingga menghasilkan angka acak yang tidak integer (contoh =&lt;strong&gt;RAND&lt;/strong&gt;()*&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;RANDBETWEEN&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; (10,50)). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;Excel memiliki kemampuan untuk menuliskan angka ROMAWI dengan rumus sebagai berikut: =&lt;strong&gt;ROMAN&lt;/strong&gt;(number), parameter "number" adalah angka atau rumus yang menghasilkan angka yang akan diubah menjadi angka Romawi. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;Fungsi &lt;strong&gt;Sign adalah &lt;/strong&gt;fungsi untuk mengetahui  apakah angka/hasil perhitung formula angka positif atau angka negatif  atau  nol. didepan sebuah angka. Rumusnya adalah &lt;strong&gt;=SIGN(number),&lt;/strong&gt; parameter "number" adalah angka/rumus yang ingin diketahui apakah positif, negative atau nol. Hasil formula tsb di atas adalah 1 jika "positif&lt;br/&gt;, 0 jika angka nol, dan -1 jika angkanya negatif. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;Fungsi yang sering dibutuhkan adalah &lt;strong&gt;Sum&lt;/strong&gt;. Formulanya =SUM(number1,number2,..), parameter "number#" adalah angka/formula/sel/range yang akan dimasukkan kedalam hasil penjumlahan. Jumlah parameter ini s.d 30. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style='font-family:Times New Roman; font-size:12pt'&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Fungsi Sumif &lt;/strong&gt;digunakan untuk menjumlah kan dengan kreterian tertentu.Formulanya adalah sebagai berikut:: =SUMIF(range,criteria,sumrange),parameter "range" adalah  sel-sel berdampingan yang akan dijumlahkan , parameter adaathe range of cells that you want to evaluate, "criteria" is the criteria that specifies those cells to sum, and "sumrange" is the range you actually want to add. As with the &lt;a href='http://ca.geocities.com/b_davidso/Web_Page_Files/Excel/math.html'&gt;&lt;span style='color:blue; text-decoration:underline'&gt;Countif Function&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;, "criteria" can be a number, an expression, or text. An expression or text must be surrounded by quotation marks ("). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8059236512935346810-3227174192804156564?l=businessmathematics.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://businessmathematics.blogspot.com/feeds/3227174192804156564/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8059236512935346810&amp;postID=3227174192804156564' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8059236512935346810/posts/default/3227174192804156564'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8059236512935346810/posts/default/3227174192804156564'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://businessmathematics.blogspot.com/2008/09/fungsi-fungsi-matematik-dlm-excel.html' title='Fungsi-Fungsi Matematik dlm Excel'/><author><name>Aurino Djamaris</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07970548737481048100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8059236512935346810.post-2069248414464124010</id><published>2008-08-09T02:41:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-09T02:49:00.547-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Matrix'/><title type='text'>Matrix Theory</title><content type='html'>&lt;b&gt;Matrix theory&lt;/b&gt; is a branch of mathematics which focuses on the study of matrices. Initially a sub-branch of linear algebra, it has grown to cover subjects related to graph theory, algebra, combinatorics, and statistics as well.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;p&gt;The term &lt;i&gt;matrix&lt;/i&gt; was first coined in 1848 by &lt;span class="mw-redirect"&gt;J.J. Sylvester&lt;/span&gt; as a name of an array of numbers. In 1855, Arthur Cayley introduced matrix as a representation of &lt;span class="mw-redirect"&gt;linear transformation&lt;/span&gt;. This period was considered as the beginning of linear algebra and matrix theory. The study of vector space over finite field, a branch of linear algebra which is useful in coding theory, naturally leads to the study and use of matrices over finite field in coding theory.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Module is a generalization of vector space. It could be considered as a &lt;i&gt;vector space&lt;/i&gt; over ring. It leads to the study of matrices over ring. Matrix theory in this area is not often considered as a branch of linear algebra. Among the results listed in Useful theorems, &lt;span class="mw-redirect"&gt;Cayley-Hamilton Theorem&lt;/span&gt; is valid if the underlying ring is &lt;span class="mw-redirect"&gt;commutative&lt;/span&gt;, Smith normal form is valid if the underlying ring is a principal ideal domain, but others are valid for only matrices over complex numbers or real numbers.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The motivation of linear algebra and the first use of matrices, is the study of &lt;span class="mw-redirect"&gt;systems of linear equations&lt;/span&gt;. Related concepts such as determinant and Gaussian elimination, exist long before the introduction of the idea of matrices, now are part of the matrix theory.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Magic squares and Latin squares, two ancient branches of recreational mathematics, are now reformulated using the language of matrices. The link between Latin square and coding theory demonstrates that it is not merely a coincidence. If these two branches are taken into account, we can push back the origin of matrix theory to as far as 650 BC.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;With the advance of computer technology, we are now able to solve a system of a large number of linear equations, not just in theory. John von Neumann and Herman Goldstine introduced condition numbers in analyzing round-off errors in 1947. Later, different techniques to calculation, multiplication or factorization of matrices were invented, such as the &lt;span class="mw-redirect"&gt;Fast Fourier Transform&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span class="mw-redirect"&gt;Payoff matrix&lt;/span&gt; in game theory, another field pioneered by John von Neumann, might be the first use of matrices in economics.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Simplex algorithm, a technique involving the operations of matrices of very large size, is used to solve operations research problems, a field strongly related to economics. Flow network problem, a branch of both graph theory and linear programming, can be solved using simplex algorithm -- but there are other more efficient methods.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;There are other uses of matrices in graph theory. For example, the adjacency matrix is a representation of &lt;span class="mw-redirect"&gt;undirected graph&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The adjacency matrix is a type of nonnegative matrix. Permutation matrices, the matrix representation of permutations in combinatorics, are also nonnegative matrices. Another important matrix in combinatorics is the &lt;span class="mw-redirect"&gt;Hadamard matrix&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;A useful type of nonnegative matrices are the stochastic matrices and doubly stochastic matrices. Stochastic matrices are useful in the study of stochastic processes, in probability theory and in statistics. The evaluation of an enormous stochastic matrix is the central idea behind the PageRank algorithm used by Google. It is worth to state that each doubly stochastic matrix is a convex combination of permutation matrices.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Another important tool in statistics is the &lt;span class="mw-redirect"&gt;correlation matrix&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Computer graphics also involve heavy computation of matrices. For example, a search for a way to minimize the memory needed for best quality of graphics.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;For optimization problems involving multi-variable real-value functions, Positive-definite matrices occur in the search for maxima and minima.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;There are also practical uses for matrices over arbitrary rings (see Matrix ring). In particular, matrices over polynomial rings are used in control theory.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;On the pure mathematics side, matrix rings can provide a rich field of counterexamples for mathematical conjectures, amongst other uses. The &lt;span class="mw-redirect"&gt;square matrices&lt;/span&gt; also plays a special role, because the &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;×&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; matrices for fixed &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; have many closure properties.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Further, on the mathematics side, in an &lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt;x&lt;i&gt;n' matrix, there are natural rows and columns which define the matrix to actually be n x n. If a matrix can be reduced down to its simplest form where the natural rows do not = n and the natural columns do not = n than that matrix is not square or n x n.&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;h2&gt;&lt;span class="mw-headline"&gt;Useful theorems&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley%E2%80%93Hamilton_theorem" title="Cayley–Hamilton theorem" target="_blank"&gt;Cayley–Hamilton theorem&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_normal_form" title="Jordan normal form" target="_blank"&gt;Jordan decomposition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_decomposition" title="QR decomposition"&gt;QR decomposition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur_triangulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Schur triangulation" target="_blank"&gt;Schur triangulation&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singular_value_decomposition" title="Singular value decomposition" target="_blank"&gt;Singular value decomposition&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_normal_form" title="Smith normal form" target="_blank"&gt;Smith normal form&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8059236512935346810-2069248414464124010?l=businessmathematics.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://businessmathematics.blogspot.com/feeds/2069248414464124010/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8059236512935346810&amp;postID=2069248414464124010' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8059236512935346810/posts/default/2069248414464124010'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8059236512935346810/posts/default/2069248414464124010'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://businessmathematics.blogspot.com/2008/08/matrix-theory.html' title='Matrix Theory'/><author><name>Aurino Djamaris</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07970548737481048100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8059236512935346810.post-8267636249401017761</id><published>2008-08-06T00:03:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-06T00:03:42.299-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='real numbers'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Collection of Objects'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Integers'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='real-number line'/><title type='text'>Sets of Real Numbers</title><content type='html'>&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;A set is a collection of objects.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;An object in a set is called an element of that set.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Different type of integers:&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Set of Positive Integers = {1,2,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;3, ...}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li  style="font-family:georgia;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;"&gt;Set of Negative Integers = (..., -3,-2,-1}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The real-number line is shown as:&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3nTuH4zOIx8/SJQrM1fJieI/AAAAAAAAADw/1gKssCrO990/s1600-h/Real-Number-Line.JPG"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3nTuH4zOIx8/SJQrM1fJieI/AAAAAAAAADw/1gKssCrO990/s400/Real-Number-Line.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5229852566800140770" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0);"&gt;Some Properties of Real Numbers&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Important properties of real numbers&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;1. The Transitive Property of Equality&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style: italic;"&gt;                  If a=b and b=c then a=c&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. The Closure Properties of Addition and Multiplication&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3nTuH4zOIx8/SJQtcgZhvmI/AAAAAAAAAD4/SmaW3gEosos/s1600-h/Prop2ofRN.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3nTuH4zOIx8/SJQtcgZhvmI/AAAAAAAAAD4/SmaW3gEosos/s400/Prop2ofRN.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5229855035040579170" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. The Commutative Properties of Addn and Multiplicationition&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3nTuH4zOIx8/SJQtc-nt0FI/AAAAAAAAAEA/q8qyoW6sRyU/s1600-h/Prop3ofRN.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3nTuH4zOIx8/SJQtc-nt0FI/AAAAAAAAAEA/q8qyoW6sRyU/s400/Prop3ofRN.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5229855043153154130" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. The Commutative Properties of Addition and Multiplication&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3nTuH4zOIx8/SJQvIEy1lJI/AAAAAAAAAEI/Mo4clMzLY1A/s1600-h/Prop4ofRN.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_3nTuH4zOIx8/SJQvIEy1lJI/AAAAAAAAAEI/Mo4clMzLY1A/s400/Prop4ofRN.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5229856883056415890" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. The Identity Properties&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3nTuH4zOIx8/SJQvISBrLyI/AAAAAAAAAEQ/OPbtcYP1bPU/s1600-h/Prop5ofRN.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3nTuH4zOIx8/SJQvISBrLyI/AAAAAAAAAEQ/OPbtcYP1bPU/s400/Prop5ofRN.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5229856886608310050" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;6. The Inverse Properties&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3nTuH4zOIx8/SJQvImd1DxI/AAAAAAAAAEY/OWc9gwQSHwA/s1600-h/Prop6aofRN.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3nTuH4zOIx8/SJQvImd1DxI/AAAAAAAAAEY/OWc9gwQSHwA/s400/Prop6aofRN.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5229856892095106834" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3nTuH4zOIx8/SJQvIh6N94I/AAAAAAAAAEg/t1QEih21BIM/s1600-h/Prop6bofRN.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3nTuH4zOIx8/SJQvIh6N94I/AAAAAAAAAEg/t1QEih21BIM/s400/Prop6bofRN.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5229856890872002434" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;7. The Distributive Properties&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3nTuH4zOIx8/SJQvIiMUPbI/AAAAAAAAAEo/U3CJDvuh6xs/s1600-h/Prop7ofRN.png"&gt;&lt;img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_3nTuH4zOIx8/SJQvIiMUPbI/AAAAAAAAAEo/U3CJDvuh6xs/s400/Prop7ofRN.png" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5229856890947911090" border="0" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8059236512935346810-8267636249401017761?l=businessmathematics.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://businessmathematics.blogspot.com/feeds/8267636249401017761/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8059236512935346810&amp;postID=8267636249401017761' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8059236512935346810/posts/default/8267636249401017761'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8059236512935346810/posts/default/8267636249401017761'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://businessmathematics.blogspot.com/2008/08/sets-of-real-numbers.html' title='Sets of Real Numbers'/><author><name>Aurino Djamaris</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07970548737481048100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><media:thumbnail xmlns:media='http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/' url='http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_3nTuH4zOIx8/SJQrM1fJieI/AAAAAAAAADw/1gKssCrO990/s72-c/Real-Number-Line.JPG' height='72' width='72'/><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8059236512935346810.post-5429070368105103072</id><published>2008-08-06T00:02:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-06T00:02:46.625-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='quadratic equations'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='real numbers'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='factoring'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='operations'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='denominator'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='rationalizing'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='linier equations'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='Algebra'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='fraction'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='expressions'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='real-number line'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='sets'/><title type='text'>Review of Algebra</title><content type='html'>The Objective of Review Algebra&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;To be familiar with sets, real numbers, real-number line.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;To relate properties of real numbers in terms of their operations. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;To review the procedure of rationalizing the denominator.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;To perform operations of algebraic expressions. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;To state basic rules for factoring.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;To rationalize the denominator of a fraction.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;To solve linear equations.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;To solve quadratic equations.&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Content of Review Algebra:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ol&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://businessmatematics.blogspot.com/2008/08/sets-of-real-numbers.html"&gt;Sets of Real Numbers&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Some Properties of Real Numbers&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Exponents and Radicals&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Operations with Algebraic Expressions&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Factoring&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Fractions&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Equations, in Particular Linear Equations&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt; Quadratic Equations&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ol&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8059236512935346810-5429070368105103072?l=businessmathematics.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://businessmathematics.blogspot.com/feeds/5429070368105103072/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8059236512935346810&amp;postID=5429070368105103072' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8059236512935346810/posts/default/5429070368105103072'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8059236512935346810/posts/default/5429070368105103072'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://businessmathematics.blogspot.com/2008/08/review-of-algebra.html' title='Review of Algebra'/><author><name>Aurino Djamaris</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07970548737481048100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8059236512935346810.post-2030762000620368930</id><published>2008-08-06T00:01:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2008-08-06T00:01:59.965-07:00</updated><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='courses'/><category scheme='http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#' term='contents'/><title type='text'>MATHEMATICAL for BUSINESS</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://businessmatematics.blogspot.com/2008/08/review-of-algebra.html"&gt;Review of Algebra&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Applications and More Algebra&lt;br /&gt;Functions and Graphs&lt;br /&gt;Lines, Parabolas, and Systems&lt;br /&gt;Exponential and Logarithmic Functions&lt;br /&gt;Mathematics of Finance&lt;br /&gt;Matrix Algebra&lt;br /&gt;Linear Programming&lt;br /&gt;Introduction to Probability and Statistics&lt;br /&gt;Additional Topics in Probability&lt;br /&gt;Limits and Continuity&lt;br /&gt;Differentiation&lt;br /&gt;Additional Differentiation Topics&lt;br /&gt;Curve Sketching&lt;br /&gt;Integration&lt;br /&gt;Methods and Applications of Integration&lt;br /&gt;Continuous Random Variables&lt;br /&gt;Multivariable Calculus&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/8059236512935346810-2030762000620368930?l=businessmathematics.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://businessmathematics.blogspot.com/feeds/2030762000620368930/comments/default' title='Post Comments'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=8059236512935346810&amp;postID=2030762000620368930' title='0 Comments'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8059236512935346810/posts/default/2030762000620368930'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/8059236512935346810/posts/default/2030762000620368930'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://businessmathematics.blogspot.com/2008/08/mathematical-for-business.html' title='MATHEMATICAL for BUSINESS'/><author><name>Aurino Djamaris</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/07970548737481048100</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='16' height='16' src='http://img2.blogblog.com/img/b16-rounded.gif'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
